The Role of Women in Supporting the Economic Condition of the Poor: An Analysis of Gender Issues on Farming Families

Basically everyone agrees that women and men are different. Women and men in the household are generally subject to the division of labor. This division of labor led to the development of limited social roles for both sexes and the creation of power differences in some respects that were more favorable to men. This role is seen in poor families in Padang Bolak Tenggara District. Thus, research was carried out to find out more about the role of women in supporting the economy of poor households in farming families in the District of Padang Bolak Tenggara, the profile of women (farmer's wives) who worked, the time spent required by farmers' wives, and what gender issues arose due to the involvement of the farmer's wife in supporting the family's economy. This paper is a gender perspective. The essence of gender perspective research is a study that clearly seeks to express women's experiences and gender relations according to a central issue that needs attention. Data collection methods using observation and interviews. In conducting data processing and analysis, researchers use Harvard analysis techniques. This technique is often referred to as Gender Framework Analysis (GFA), which is an analysis used to look at the gender profile of a social group and the role of gender in development. Based on observations in the District of Padang Bolak Tenggara of the farming family, it is known that the farmer's wife is very involved in helping the family economy. The profile of women (farmers' wives) in the District of Padang Bolak Tenggara can be seen from the average age of 40-50 years, 65% have a junior high school education background, only 3 people who have makeup/salon and sewing skills, besides farming. The intensity of time spent by women (farmer's wives) working outside is quite high at around 8-10 hours per day. This still does not include homework, i.e. doing homework and caring for children. This makes the workload and working time span of farmer's wives much longer than men. Thus, the gender issue that arises is injustice in the division of labor.


INTRODUCTION
Patriarchy in society throughout the developing world is no exception to the Batak society (the Southeast Padang Bolak society) Gradually from the role that developed in pre-modern culture, where the physical size and muscle tone The Role of Women in Supporting the Economic … Risdawati Siregar et.al │ 93 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/tazkir.v8i1.5284 of men were superior, together with the biological role of women who gave birth to children, resulted in a division of labor based on sex, which is still valid today.
Men become providers of necessities of life and protectors in the face of the world outside the family. Such deep responsibility can provide relatively great autonomy and opportunity. This division of labor led to the development of social roles that were limited to both sexes and the creation of power differences in some ways favoring men (Nawal, 2011, p. 84).
The uniqueness and distinctiveness of the Batak culture, especially the Southeast Padang Bolak society, cannot be separated from the patriarchal culture which originates from the kinship system of the Southeast Padang Bolak community in the form of patrilineal. According to Holleman and Koentjaraningrat in the Sudarta, the patrilineal kinship system is the following characterized traditional pattern (Sudarta, 2017): 1. Kinship relationships are calculated through fathers' lineages, children being fathers' rights; 2. Parents' property or wealth was inherited through male lines; 3. The newly born bride and groom live in the center of their husband's residence (patriarchal customs); 4. In other words, a married woman is considered to have broken off from her own family, without the right to move into her husband's family and not to have any rights or property.
These features portray that in the male patrilineal kinship system, the male position is higher than that of women, both in the household and in the community's life. This has led to inequality or inequality in women's rights and obligations. Puspa states that the consequences of a patriarchal culture that is largely confined to the homeland, cause women to sometimes become subordinated men (Puspa, 2008, p. 129).
Thus, it can be said that a patriarchal society is a society that has a reference system based on the agreement of men, where in that society the condition of women is very marginalized and marginalized through domestic work. The marginalization of women in a patriarchal society is seen from the position of the pattern of division of labor between men and women is manifested very clearly, where men dominate the public sector more, while women in the domestic sector.
In a patriarchal society, the relationship between the division of labor does not show a pattern of balance. In work, men are more valued than women's work (Budiman, 2005, p. 91

Gender Meaning
Gender is a property inherent to both men and women formed by social and cultural factors, resulting in preconceptions about the social and cultural roles of men and women (Budiman, 2005, p. 5). The term gender was introduced by social scientists to describe the difference between women and men that is innate as a creation of God, and that is a culturally conditioned being studied and socialized since childhood. This distinction is especially important, as it has often confused non-gender traits of humans.
This gender role difference is very helpful to rethink the role-sharing process that has traditionally been attached to women and men to build pictures of dynamic and appropriate gender relationships in keeping with the reality of society. Social differences in the concept of gender have led to differences in the roles of women and men in society. Gender has given rise to differences in roles, responsibilities, functions, and even spaces in which people engage.
According to Hilary M. Lips, gender is distinct from sex, gender being a cultural expectation of males and females (Lips, 1993, p. 4). This is in line with feminist opinions, such as Linsey, who considers all societal definitions of whether a person should be male or female, including gender studies (Lindsey, 1990, p. 2). H. T. Wilson defines gender as a basis for determining the influence of cultural factors and collectivistic life to distinguish between men and women (Wilson, 1989, p. 57). This statement is somewhat in line with Showalter's Moses, which implies gender as more than male or female distinction as seen from the socio-cultural construct, but emphasizes gender as the concept of analysis in using it to explain things (Mosse, 2007, p. 102).
Further, gender is understood as a menta and cultural interpretation of male and female sex differences. Gender is usually used to indicate the division of labor that is considered appropriate for males and females (Rahmawati, 2013, p. 64

Gender Injustice
Women are subordinated by socially constructed factors. Many myths and beliefs make women's standing inferior to men's. This is solely because women are viewed through sex, not through skill, opportunity and the universal human aspect, i.e. as intelligent, sensible and sentient human beings.
This manifestation of gender injustice cannot be dissociated, as they are interrelated and interconnected, affecting each other dialectically. Manifestation of gender injustice socialized steadily among men and women, who gradually became accustomed to and eventually assumed gender roles as if they were natural. In time, a system of accepted gender injustice was created and no longer felt was wrong.
In society, gender division involves power and differential status. The men's work has greater social power. Males, in most cultures, have access to a stronger public position than females. Some societies often correct for division of labor with reproductive roles. Women as child-bearing subjects, not only for delivery, but also for rearing. In addition, women were burdened with the duty of caring for their homes.
Gender discrimination is a defining feature of almost every society, especially in patriarchy. Patriarchy or patriarch (patriach), literally means the power of the father. The term patriarchy is used more generally to refer to male power, power relationships with which men rule women and to refer to systems that keep women in control through a variety of ways (Bhasin, 2006, p. 90).
There are generally four problems that stereotype women: The first is through subordination that women must submit to the male. The leader (imam) is only a man, while the woman is only allowed to be a limited leader of his people who functions as a supporter of the main activities of men, for example in Dharma Wanita, Muslimat, Aisyiyah, Fatayat and so on; Second, women tend to be marginalized, that is, positioned on the margin. In the community's work, the highest female is only the consumption section or guest recipients. In the household, women were only given duties of taking care of the household rather than the decision-maker; Third, women are weak, so women are often the target of violence by men. In society, that form of violence started from being seduced, abused, beaten, abused until raped; Fourth, because of gender injustice, women must receive a heavier and longer workload than men do. In terms of work, most active men work an average of 10 hours per day with women working 18 hours per day. This burden is generally considered to be underestimated by men, as it is economically considered less significant (Hasan, 1990).
Based on the above reasoning, it is understood that gender is a cultural social construct that distinguishes between masculine (male) and feminine (female) characteristics that affect attribute-sharing and employment.

Women and Family Economics
Gender analysis in economic activity cannot be separated from studies of the family. The economy and the family are two interrelated institutions, though they appear to be separate from one another. Women have the potential in contributing household income, especially poor households. Increased participation of women in economic activities because: Firstly, changing community views and attitudes about equal importance of education for women and men, and increasingly the need for women to participate in development, secondly, the willingness of women to be independent in the economic sector, namely to try to finance their lives and perhaps also the needs of those who are dependants with their own income. Another possibility that is causing an increase in women's participation in the workforce is the greater employment opportunities that can absorb women's workers, such as handicraft work and snack industry.
Research conducted by Mariun shows that of 53.44% of women working, 72.79% were full-time workers, meaning women were guaranteed income (Mariun, 2004). Yuniarti and Haryanto suggest that the income of female workers in the sandang industry has contributed significantly to the increase in household income (Yuniarti & Haryanto, 2005). The contribution of women can be said to be savers or supports for poor households to fulfill basic daily needs.
Indonesian women especially in rural areas as human capital are quite evident, especially in fulfilling household and family functions with men. A number of recent studies have shown that the role of women in a variety of industries in a number of areas is quite large and decisive, with independent business management (Lestari et al., 2007).

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The potential that women have to sustain the family economy is considerable. However women do not concern themselves or claim that they are a major pillar of the family economy. The research findings by Wibowo to traditional traders in Semarang show that the women do not want to keep a high profile or claim that their main (staple) activities are only supportive of the husband's activities, although they do not necessarily represent their earnings much greater than their husbands' (Wibowo, 2012).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is a gender-oriented field study. The essence of gender perspectives is a study that clearly seeks to express the experiences of women and gender relationships in accordance with central issues that need to be addressed (Handayani, 2017, p. 45). The approach that is used is a qualitative approach.
Furthermore, the methods used in this research are descriptive methods. To obtain the necessary data, the methods of observation and interviews were used.
Furthermore, to process and analyze the data, the author uses the Harvard analysis technique. This technique is often referred to as Gender Framework Analysis (GFA), which is an analysis used to see the gender profile of a social group and gender roles in development. This analytical technique expresses the need for three components and their interrelation with each other, namely; activity profile, access profile, control profile and benefit profile (Handayani, 2017).

Padang Lawas Regency
The profile of female farmers in the Padang Bolak Tenggara sub-district in Furthermore, it is seen from the income that is quite varied, starting from an income of 500,000 to 2,500,000 per month, and even then, it depends on the rice harvest or the rubber and oil yields they get. Based on the results of searching data in the field, information was obtained that all informants (women/farmer's wives) were involved in supporting the family economy by participating in farming and also becoming farm laborers, as described in the following article.

Activity Aspect
This aspect of activity is used to identify who carries out activities in all farming activities and also work in the household between men and women.
Based on the results of observations, below is an explanation of the division of labor between women and men during farming activities in the Southeast Padang Bolak District. Feeding The Child √ c.

5.
Clean up a.
Sweeping the House √ √ f.
Mopping the House √ √ g.
Health Check b.
Taking A Medical Kid √ c.
Maintaining Family Health √

Access Aspect
This aspect is used to determine who is more dominant in getting opportunities related to farming, both men and women working as farmers.
Observations and interviews have shown that men are more dominant in gaining opportunities for all types of access than women. When the authors browse for the reason, it is known that men have more information and opportunities to undertake the training because they have longer leisure times (K. Nasution et al., personal communication, September 22, 2019).

Control Aspect
The control aspect is to look at the authority that men or women have in making decisions and using resources.
Based on the above analysis of control aspects, it shows that women are already involved in decision-making within the enterprise. Women's access to 102 │ TAZKIR: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-ilmu Sosial dan Keislaman Vol. 08 No. 1 Juni 2022 the land remains maximum from the time of planting to the harvest period, even though the land is not theirs.

Benefits Aspect
The aspect of benefits is the opportunity to benefit or benefit outcomes which are gained in doing business such as knowledge benefits, skills and income.
Data analysis suggests that benefits derived from activities performed outside of the dominant household work are shared by both men and women. Of the five benefits, the most benefit is the benefit of income. With the involvement of women (peasant wives) in farming or farm hands, the income of farmers, especially household income, increases, so it can support the household's basic needs daily.

Time Intensity Of Work (Female Farmers' Wives)
Based on a research interview with several farmers' wives, whose main job as farm laborers is to work every day in the oil palm and rubber plantations of another man with an eight-hour workday (E. A. Siregar et al., personal communication, July 23, 2019). While the wives of farmers who devote their work time to farming, the intensity of time devoted is also quite high (R. Harahap, personal communication, August 4, 2019). However, there are also wives who only assist their husbands in working in the fields, whose time is less intensive (H. Harahap & H. D. Siregar, personal communication, June 29, 2019).
In addition to working in the fields or farms, many women (peasant wives) work side-by-side on mats. The time used is usually at night or after the harvest before the harvest returns. They spend about four hours weaving. For a single new type of webbing, two to seven days are completed, depending on the type of webbing they are working on and the free time they have.
Meanwhile, housework was a routine duty for peasant wives and was mostly assisted by their daughters. From the field findings, information was obtained that the time devoted to cooking, washing, and water collection, and searching for firewood was generally quite high.

CONCLUSION
Based on the description of the findings, the conclusion can be drawn: 1) wife also does household chores, such as cooking, washing clothes, washing dishes, finding wood to raise water and take care of children and husband; 4) Gender-related problems involving injustice in the division of labor. Women, in addition to working as wives and mothers, should also be working to assist their husbands in the fields or plantations, which should only help turn out that women are predominantly in the fields or in the fields, and women are also more likely to have a female job intensity than men. As well as women's involvement in family decision-making, there is still discrimination against women. Women's positions are still not counted in decision making.
Based on the problems these research findings should be recommended for: 1) To organize training, workshops and popular education on women's rights as part of human rights for women's institutions; 2) To utilize village fund assistance by providing facilities and capital rolling for women's economic empowerment through home industrial development; 3) To conduct productive business training with the benefit of natural resources.