Waqf Crowdfunding Dana Ummat as a Framework for Fisherman

Most fishermen in Indonesia have enormous potential, but they are constrained by several things, such as capital constraints and constraints on marketing marine catches. This study aims to provide a concept and idea in the form of the Community Fund Crowdfunding Waqf (WCDU) model. This concept aims to empower fishermen and encourage Nadzhir's programs to be more active and innovative in absorbing opportunities and potential. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature review method. The results of this study are proposed ideas illustrated by the Waqf Crowdfunding Community Fund (WCDU) model as an alternative model for alleviating the problems and constraints faced by fishermen. But also ideas regarding the sustainability of the ongoing waqf projects, such as training for fishermen, supervision of waqf project implementation, and evaluation of the benefits of ongoing waqf projects. So the fishermen's waqf program does not stop at the physical realization of the waqf facilities but also the evaluation of the implementation of the waqf project.


INTRODUCTION
Coastal communities are people whose socio-economic life depends on marine resources and are generally classified as poor. This community contrasts the fact that the Indonesian sea has excellent potential. The LIPI Oceanographic Research Center Data report explained that Indonesia's marine potential in 2019 reached 1.772 trillion (Wahyuni, 2021). The magnitude of the marine potential had not been able to guarantee the welfare of coastal communities, as evidenced by its contribution to Indonesia's GDP of only 3.7%.
The economic life of fishermen is in complete contradiction with the potential of the Indonesian sea as the most immense sea in the world. The sea area that has entered the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is estimated to be approximately 5.8 million kilometres, with a total coastline length of 80,790 kilometres or 14% of the world's coastlines. Several factors cause utilization of marine potential that has not been maximized; viewed from the fishermen's point of view, they have not been able to take advantage of this potential, including the low ability to use technology, difficulty in accessing capital, market networks, and the wide fishing area which tends to narrow due to various effects of environmental changes or other human activities (Munandar and Darmawan, 2020) Several previous studies have revealed that one of the causes of poverty for fishermen is the injustice of the catch-sharing system between fishermen and crew members (ABP) and ship owners Wahyuni & Kusumaningrum (2020).
According to Retnowati (2011), the net catch distribution system is implemented in various ways. Some are divided by 50% for skippers and 50% for crew members, 60% for skippers and 40% for crew members, and 70% for skippers and 30% for crew members. From the profit-sharing system in practice, it is clear that it only benefits the skipper and tends to harm the fishermen (Yonvitner, 2015).
The owner of the capital always has more power, even in the profitsharing system between the fishermen and the skipper. In general, this system has become a tradition in various coastal areas. By considering it a tradition, fishermen are forced to agree to this even though they feel it is unfair. Not a few fishermen complain, on the other hand, the sea is their source of livelihood, but they need access to supporting equipment because one of them is limited capital.
So the owners of capital or skipper began to enter and utilize the power of the Waqf Crowdfunding Dana Ummat as a .... Siti Mudrikah, et.al DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24952/fitrah.v8i2.5933 297 fishermen and provide wages that were not comparable. Of course, this phenomenon requires a solution.
The economy of coastal communities is in dire need of breakthrough programs that can help gain access to capital, management, and technology. One is the procurement program for fishing equipment such as boats, nets, and others. The goal is that the profits obtained by fishermen are proportional to the hard work and risks that can be obtained when sailing on the high seas. Not only fishermen but all components of coastal communities must be empowered to create an excellent economic ecosystem. Coastal communities, both fishermen and traders, must also be empowered, as in the research of La Suhu et al. (2020) conducted in the fishing community of North Tidore. The empowerment program can be in the form of assistance for the procurement of ketinting, the construction of a smoking area for fish, and the provision of facilities for a fish auction place (TPI).
Supported the program, of course, requires substantial capital support.
Waqf is an Islamic economic instrument that can be a solution alternative to the program. The management of waqf assets and the productive use of the results of waqf can provide significant benefits to the people's economy (Sukmana, 2020).
Waqf has a strategic role in empowering and prospering people, incredibly productive waqf. Productive waqf is a waqf model scheme, both movable and immovable property used for production activities, which will later produce a sustainable surplus that is useful for the waqf itself.
Indonesia is one of the countries that have significant waqf assets.
According to the National Committee for Islamic Economy and Finance (KNEKS), the valuation of waqf in Indonesia has reached around Rp. Two thousand trillion (Uli, 2021). The waqf valuation is based on the total waqf assets in Indonesia, the majority of which are land waqf with an area of 52.7 thousand hectares. Meanwhile, the total cash waqf collected in banks is 328 billion (Fauzia, 2021). Waqf is an instrument used for the welfare of the people and is very influential in reducing poverty, according to research conducted by Razali et al. (2019) on the Revitalization of Productive Zakat and productive waqf as poverty alleviation. Productive waqf can eradicate poverty if its management is carried out optimally and with innovations following the times.
The use of waqf property for coastal communities has been widely carried out in various regions. A few studies also propose using waqf funds for fishermen, such as research by Wahyuni & Kusumaningrum (2020), which proposes a crowdfunding-based platform to collect cash waqf from the community and be distributed it in the form of boat procurement for fishermen. Wahyuni (2021) discusses the concept of WLFSI (Waqf Link Fisherman Insurance), an innovation in paying sharia insurance premiums from marine catches and processed marine products whose funds are collaborated with cash waqf. (2017)

RESEARCH METHODS
This research applies a qualitative research approach. According to Sugiyono (2012), qualitative research method is a study with a natural object, where the researcher is a crucial instrument. This study uses a literature study method (library study) on journals, books, reports from institutions, and articles related to the topics taken, including Waqf and waqf Fisherman. Literature studies can also study various reference books and the results of similar studies that are useful for obtaining a theoretical basis for the problem to be studied (Sarwono, 2006). Literature study means data collection techniques by reviewing books, literature, notes, and various reports related to the problems to be solved Mirzaqon & Purwoko, 2017(Mudrikah & Ayuningtyas, 2021. This method aims to analyze theoretical data from the previously mentioned sources. Furthermore, to analyze and identify themes related to the Fisherman waqf model or concept. The researcher adopted the land waqf model from , further developed from several things that needed to be adapted to existing conditions. Among them, the object of land waqf is the product of productive waqf for fishermen farmers (fishermen), and the concept of empowerment is through training and monitoring as a form of contribution to nazir. Therefore, waqf can have implications for the socio-economic growth of the community to help reduce poverty and increase welfare.

Overview of Waqf Fisherman: Definition of Fisherman
Productive waqf is waqf property, both movable and fixed, that can be used in production activities. Later, the production results are channelled according to the purpose of the waqf itself (Choiriyah, 2017). In this case, the production activities that can be carried out are in the agricultural sector, industrial sector, trade sector, service sector, and health sector, whose benefits can be used not from the direct waqf object but from the profits derived from the development of the waqf property and fund itself which later benefits can be distributed according to the purpose of the waqf.

Legal Basis of Waqf
In the Qur'an, Allah has yet to explain the concept of waqf concretely and textually. So far, the Qur'anic arguments used as the legal basis for waqf are arguments or verses about infaq fisabilillah. So all this time, scholars or nazir, in explaining the legal basis of waqf, used general verses about infaq fisabilillah, namely:

The Potential of Waqf Fisherman
The fishermen's great potential in Indonesia provides economic actors with opportunities to develop the existing fisheries sector. Also, the potential for existing marine and fishery resources will increase the potential for higher income (Ekowanti, Suhardono, Suraji, Casmiwati, & Idris, 2021)). The concern for so long is that poverty is still an icon for fishermen (Sari & Rauf, 2020 Important components related to fishermen's income include fishing locations, fuel, and capital costs (Sari & Rauf, 2020). Based on the explanation of the paragraph above, one of the problems for fishermen is related to capital. Due to the risk of unstable or fluctuating fishermen's income, there will likely be a gap in idle time for servants when it is not in the sailing season, affecting the fishermen's income level.
The author takes one example from the study by Nugraha et al. (2021) that the shrimp fishing season in Cilacap PPS occurs for five months, namely June, September, October, November, and December. Therefore, it is very likely that there will be a minus in people's income from fishing. However, fixed costs still have to be met, including food costs, education costs, health costs, school fees, maintenance costs for fishing gear, fuel costs, fishing products storage equipment, the fleet used, be it motorbikes, boats, and many more, all of which require capital.
The existence of waqf is a breakthrough and a breath of fresh air for fishermen. Waqf is one of the philanthropic instruments that aims to realize a prosperous life . Talking about the existence of waqf is an exciting topic to be studied from various points of view, both its empowerment, benefits, and the nature of waqf itself. If viewed from its history, the existence of waqf has already appeared. Waqf is the centre of the socio-economic development of Raditya Sukmana (2020). Khalfan & Ogura (2012) found financial and management aspects to preserving historic buildings in Zanzibar using waqf funds. The waqf system shows the ability to develop organically and adapt to different situations to become a shield.
Waqf has many benefits, one of which is a source of funding, Gustani; Gustani; Ernawan (2016) said that temporary cash waqf is invested in time products in the form of time deposits and investment capital, while permanent cash waqf is invested as a component of LKMS capital. Thus, when waqf funds are managed and distributed correctly, it is undeniable that waqf can solve problems for fishing communities.

The concept of Waqf for Fisherman
A nazir should carry out a program and activity, one of which is the empowerment of waqf funds to rotate in the economic sector, ultimately increasing the amount to the asset side (Iman & Mohammad, 2017). Among the steps that Nadzir can pursue is employing the poor. Create job opportunities for people in need and provide support by providing material and non-material capital, which utilizes waqf funds so that the purpose of waqf can be channelled wisely. The Malaysian government to take the initiative to develop land waqf to encourage economic growth (Sulaiman & Alhaji Zakari, 2019). Shabbir (2018) states that waqf land must be developed for commercial purposes because there is the potential for higher income additions for the waqf institution. These activities are carried out solely to empower waqf funds so that the funds flow and generate profits which can then be allocated for providing capital to prospective wakif in need. Azganin et al. (2021) stated that the crowdfunding waqf model's primary purpose is to encourage people to donate money for agricultural development purposes, while the second is to improve the performance of farmers to develop their businesses and multiply their income. Likewise, in this study, this model's primary purpose is to offer fishermen a solution. It is hoped that this concept or model can be a solution related to capital constraints and become a source of increasing the amount of income with a further goal of making stable income for fishermen because fishermen's income is not stable, meaning that the income generated by fishermen is seasonal. Considering the vital role of waqf institutions, it is not just literacy for wakif candidates but also recalls to wakifs such as informing about new projects that will be carried out-alternatively, just a recall to the wakif about the reminder to worship amaliyah, namely waqf.
b. steps two and three: the funds that have been collected will be handed over to nazir, which in turn will be distributed to fishermen farmers (Fisherman).
At this point, not all of the coastal farming communities have experience and high education (Sari & Rauf, 2020), so sustainability after receiving waqf benefits funds. Steps that can be taken by nazir are coaching and mentoring.
For example, post-shipping coaching assists in processing marine catches so